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Banking glossary

What is tier 1 capital?

Published September 20, 2026.

Tier 1 capital: Tier 1 capital is the loss absorbing core of a bank’s capital: common equity, retained earnings and qualifying preferred, less goodwill and other deductions.

How it is calculated

Calculated on Schedule RC-R. It starts from common equity tier 1, which is common stock, surplus and retained earnings less goodwill, other intangibles and certain deferred tax assets, then adds any qualifying additional tier 1 instruments.

Formula

Tier 1 capital = common equity tier 1 + additional tier 1 instruments

How to read it

Tier 1 is the capital that takes losses while the bank stays open, which is why every capital ratio that matters is built on it. Most banks hold essentially no additional tier 1, so at most banks tier 1 and common equity tier 1 are the same number.

The common mistake. Reading tier 1 as book equity. Most banks exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from it, so a securities loss that cuts book equity leaves tier 1 untouched.

Go deeper

See also. Tier 1 leverage ratio, Risk-weighted assets, Community bank leverage ratio, Equity to assets, Well capitalized.

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Knowing the definition is the easy half.

The hard half is whether a given bank’s number is good for the peer group it is actually measured in. That is what the scorecard does, for every bank that files a call report, updated with every FFIEC release.

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